Constructors on all OpenID direct response messages now require the OpenID version of the message, allowing for RPs to receive response messages in versions differing from their request message.

Also added test to verify this, and OpenIdProvider error messages w/o requiring ASP.NET hosting.

27 files changed, 180 insertions, 133 deletions

diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/DotNetOpenAuth.Test.csproj b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/DotNetOpenAuth.Test.csproj
index 2bcec94..43beea0 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/DotNetOpenAuth.Test.csproj
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/DotNetOpenAuth.Test.csproj
@@ -52,6 +52,9 @@
     <Reference Include="System.Runtime.Serialization">
       <RequiredTargetFramework>3.0</RequiredTargetFramework>
     </Reference>
+    <Reference Include="System.ServiceModel">
+      <RequiredTargetFramework>3.0</RequiredTargetFramework>
+    </Reference>
     <Reference Include="System.Web" />
     <Reference Include="System.Xml" />
     <Reference Include="System.Xml.Linq">
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/Mocks/CoordinatingChannel.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/Mocks/CoordinatingChannel.cs
index ed0cb10..4598a9f 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/Mocks/CoordinatingChannel.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/Mocks/CoordinatingChannel.cs
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.Mocks {
 	using System.Text;
 	using System.Threading;
 	using DotNetOpenAuth.Messaging;
+	using DotNetOpenAuth.Messaging.Reflection;
 	using DotNetOpenAuth.Test.OpenId;
+	using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
 
 	internal class CoordinatingChannel : Channel {
 		/// <summary>
@@ -52,7 +54,9 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.Mocks {
 		/// An incoming message that has been posted by a remote channel and 
 		/// is waiting for receipt by this channel.
 		/// </summary>
-		private IProtocolMessage incomingMessage;
+		private IDictionary<string, string> incomingMessage;
+
+		private MessageReceivingEndpoint incomingMessageRecipient;
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// A delegate that gets a chance to peak at and fiddle with all 
@@ -104,6 +108,8 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.Mocks {
 					TestUtilities.TestLogger.Debug("CoordinatingChannel is closing while remote channel is waiting for an incoming message.  Signaling channel to unblock it to receive a null message.");
 					this.RemoteChannel.incomingMessageSignal.Set();
 				}
+
+				this.Dispose();
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -115,32 +121,60 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.Mocks {
 			this.VerifyMessageAfterReceiving(CloneSerializedParts(message));
 		}
 
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Called from a remote party's thread to post a message to this channel for processing.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="message">The message that this channel should receive.  This message will be cloned.</param>
 		internal void PostMessage(IProtocolMessage message) {
 			ErrorUtilities.VerifyInternal(this.incomingMessage == null, "Oops, a message is already waiting for the remote party!");
-			this.incomingMessage = CloneSerializedParts(message);
+			this.incomingMessage = new Dictionary<string, string>(new MessageDictionary(message));
+			var directedMessage = message as IDirectedProtocolMessage;
+			this.incomingMessageRecipient = directedMessage != null ? new MessageReceivingEndpoint(directedMessage.Recipient, directedMessage.HttpMethods) : null;
 			this.incomingMessageSignal.Set();
 		}
 
 		protected internal override HttpRequestInfo GetRequestFromContext() {
-			return new HttpRequestInfo((IDirectedProtocolMessage)this.AwaitIncomingMessage());
+			MessageReceivingEndpoint recipient;
+			var messageData = this.AwaitIncomingMessage(out recipient);
+			IDirectedProtocolMessage message = null;
+			if (messageData != null) {
+				message = this.MessageFactory.GetNewRequestMessage(recipient, messageData);
+				if (message != null) {
+					MessageSerializer.Get(message.GetType()).Deserialize(messageData, message);
+				}
+				return new HttpRequestInfo(message, recipient.AllowedMethods);
+			} else {
+				return new HttpRequestInfo(null, HttpDeliveryMethods.GetRequest);
+			}
 		}
 
 		protected override IProtocolMessage RequestInternal(IDirectedProtocolMessage request) {
 			this.ProcessMessageFilter(request, true);
-			HttpRequestInfo requestInfo = this.SpoofHttpMethod(request);
+
 			// Drop the outgoing message in the other channel's in-slot and let them know it's there.
-			ErrorUtilities.VerifyInternal(this.RemoteChannel.incomingMessage == null, "Oops, a message is already waiting for the remote party!");
-			this.RemoteChannel.incomingMessage = requestInfo.Message;
-			this.RemoteChannel.incomingMessageSignal.Set();
+			this.RemoteChannel.PostMessage(request);
+
 			// Now wait for a response...
-			IProtocolMessage response = this.AwaitIncomingMessage();
-			this.ProcessMessageFilter(response, false);
-			return response;
+			MessageReceivingEndpoint recipient;
+			IDictionary<string, string> responseData = this.AwaitIncomingMessage(out recipient);
+			ErrorUtilities.VerifyInternal(recipient == null, "The recipient is expected to be null for direct responses.");
+
+			// And deserialize it.
+			IDirectResponseProtocolMessage responseMessage = this.MessageFactory.GetNewResponseMessage(request, responseData);
+			if (responseMessage == null) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			var responseSerializer = MessageSerializer.Get(responseMessage.GetType());
+			responseSerializer.Deserialize(responseData, responseMessage);
+
+			this.ProcessMessageFilter(responseMessage, false);
+			return responseMessage;
 		}
 
 		protected override UserAgentResponse SendDirectMessageResponse(IProtocolMessage response) {
 			this.ProcessMessageFilter(response, true);
-			return new CoordinatingUserAgentResponse(CloneSerializedParts(response), this.RemoteChannel);
+			return new CoordinatingUserAgentResponse(response, this.RemoteChannel);
 		}
 
 		protected override UserAgentResponse SendIndirectMessage(IDirectedProtocolMessage message) {
@@ -168,18 +202,16 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.Mocks {
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Spoof HTTP request information for signing/verification purposes.
+		/// Clones a message, instantiating the new instance using <i>this</i> channel's
+		/// message factory.
 		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="message">The message to add a pretend HTTP method to.</param>
-		/// <returns>A spoofed HttpRequestInfo that wraps the new message.</returns>
-		protected virtual HttpRequestInfo SpoofHttpMethod(IDirectedProtocolMessage message) {
-			HttpRequestInfo requestInfo = new HttpRequestInfo(message);
-
-			requestInfo.Message = this.CloneSerializedParts(message);
-
-			return requestInfo;
-		}
-
+		/// <typeparam name="T">The type of message to clone.</typeparam>
+		/// <param name="message">The message to clone.</param>
+		/// <returns>The new instance of the message.</returns>
+		/// <remarks>
+		/// This Clone method should <i>not</i> be used to send message clones to the remote
+		/// channel since their message factory is not used.
+		/// </remarks>
 		protected virtual T CloneSerializedParts<T>(T message) where T : class, IProtocolMessage {
 			ErrorUtilities.VerifyArgumentNotNull(message, "message");
 
@@ -195,9 +227,9 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.Mocks {
 					recipient = new MessageReceivingEndpoint(directedMessage.Recipient, directedMessage.HttpMethods);
 				}
 
-				clonedMessage = this.RemoteChannel.MessageFactory.GetNewRequestMessage(recipient, fields);
+				clonedMessage = this.MessageFactory.GetNewRequestMessage(recipient, fields);
 			} else if (directResponse != null && directResponse.IsDirectResponse()) {
-				clonedMessage = this.RemoteChannel.MessageFactory.GetNewResponseMessage(directResponse.OriginatingRequest, fields);
+				clonedMessage = this.MessageFactory.GetNewResponseMessage(directResponse.OriginatingRequest, fields);
 			} else {
 				throw new InvalidOperationException("Totally expected a message to implement one of the two derived interface types.");
 			}
@@ -217,7 +249,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.Mocks {
 			return accessor.MessageFactory;
 		}
 
-		private IProtocolMessage AwaitIncomingMessage() {
+		private IDictionary<string, string> AwaitIncomingMessage(out MessageReceivingEndpoint recipient) {
 			// Special care should be taken so that we don't indefinitely 
 			// wait for a message that may never come due to a bug in the product
 			// or the test.
@@ -241,8 +273,10 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.Mocks {
 
 			lock (waitingForMessageCoordinationLock) {
 				this.waitingForMessage = false;
-				IProtocolMessage response = this.incomingMessage;
+				var response = this.incomingMessage;
+				recipient = this.incomingMessageRecipient;
 				this.incomingMessage = null;
+				this.incomingMessageRecipient = null;
 				return response;
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/Mocks/CoordinatingOAuthChannel.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/Mocks/CoordinatingOAuthChannel.cs
index 05d1fd4..f00c356 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/Mocks/CoordinatingOAuthChannel.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/Mocks/CoordinatingOAuthChannel.cs
@@ -58,7 +58,8 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.Mocks {
 		}
 
 		protected internal override HttpRequestInfo GetRequestFromContext() {
-			return new HttpRequestInfo((IDirectedProtocolMessage)this.AwaitIncomingMessage());
+			var directedMessage = (IDirectedProtocolMessage)this.AwaitIncomingMessage();
+			return new HttpRequestInfo(directedMessage, directedMessage.HttpMethods);
 		}
 
 		protected override IProtocolMessage RequestInternal(IDirectedProtocolMessage request) {
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.Mocks {
 		/// <param name="message">The message to add a pretend HTTP method to.</param>
 		/// <returns>A spoofed HttpRequestInfo that wraps the new message.</returns>
 		private HttpRequestInfo SpoofHttpMethod(IDirectedProtocolMessage message) {
-			HttpRequestInfo requestInfo = new HttpRequestInfo(message);
+			HttpRequestInfo requestInfo = new HttpRequestInfo(message, message.HttpMethods);
 
 			var signedMessage = message as ITamperResistantOAuthMessage;
 			if (signedMessage != null) {
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/Mocks/CoordinatingUserAgentResponse.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/Mocks/CoordinatingUserAgentResponse.cs
index 4897e98..75c68e0 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/Mocks/CoordinatingUserAgentResponse.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/Mocks/CoordinatingUserAgentResponse.cs
@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.Mocks {
 	internal class CoordinatingUserAgentResponse : UserAgentResponse {
 		private CoordinatingChannel receivingChannel;
 
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="CoordinatingUserAgentResponse"/> class.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="message">The direct response message to send to the remote channel.  This message will be cloned.</param>
+		/// <param name="receivingChannel">The receiving channel.</param>
 		internal CoordinatingUserAgentResponse(IProtocolMessage message, CoordinatingChannel receivingChannel) {
 			ErrorUtilities.VerifyArgumentNotNull(message, "message");
 			ErrorUtilities.VerifyArgumentNotNull(receivingChannel, "receivingChannel");
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/AssociationHandshakeTests.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/AssociationHandshakeTests.cs
index 8739ead..01c2cf5 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/AssociationHandshakeTests.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/AssociationHandshakeTests.cs
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.OpenId {
 					var request = op.Channel.ReadFromRequest<AssociateRequest>();
 
 					// Send a response that suggests a foreign association type.
-					AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse renegotiateResponse = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(request);
+					AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse renegotiateResponse = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(request.Version, request);
 					renegotiateResponse.AssociationType = "HMAC-UNKNOWN";
 					renegotiateResponse.SessionType = "DH-UNKNOWN";
 					op.Channel.Send(renegotiateResponse);
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.OpenId {
 					var request = op.Channel.ReadFromRequest<AssociateRequest>();
 
 					// Send a response that suggests a no encryption.
-					AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse renegotiateResponse = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(request);
+					AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse renegotiateResponse = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(request.Version, request);
 					renegotiateResponse.AssociationType = protocol.Args.SignatureAlgorithm.HMAC_SHA1;
 					renegotiateResponse.SessionType = protocol.Args.SessionType.NoEncryption;
 					op.Channel.Send(renegotiateResponse);
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.OpenId {
 					var request = op.Channel.ReadFromRequest<AssociateRequest>();
 
 					// Send a mismatched response
-					AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse renegotiateResponse = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(request);
+					AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse renegotiateResponse = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(request.Version, request);
 					renegotiateResponse.AssociationType = protocol.Args.SignatureAlgorithm.HMAC_SHA1;
 					renegotiateResponse.SessionType = protocol.Args.SessionType.DH_SHA256;
 					op.Channel.Send(renegotiateResponse);
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.OpenId {
 					var request = op.Channel.ReadFromRequest<AssociateRequest>();
 
 					// Send a renegotiate response
-					AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse renegotiateResponse = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(request);
+					AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse renegotiateResponse = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(request.Version, request);
 					renegotiateResponse.AssociationType = protocol.Args.SignatureAlgorithm.HMAC_SHA1;
 					renegotiateResponse.SessionType = protocol.Args.SessionType.DH_SHA1;
 					op.Channel.Send(renegotiateResponse);
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.OpenId {
 					request = op.Channel.ReadFromRequest<AssociateRequest>();
 
 					// Send ANOTHER renegotiate response, at which point the DNOI RP should give up.
-					renegotiateResponse = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(request);
+					renegotiateResponse = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(request.Version, request);
 					renegotiateResponse.AssociationType = protocol.Args.SignatureAlgorithm.HMAC_SHA256;
 					renegotiateResponse.SessionType = protocol.Args.SessionType.DH_SHA256;
 					op.Channel.Send(renegotiateResponse);
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/AuthenticationTests.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/AuthenticationTests.cs
index b20886b..d0966e7 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/AuthenticationTests.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/AuthenticationTests.cs
@@ -134,14 +134,14 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.OpenId {
 
 					if (positive && !sharedAssociation) {
 						var checkauthRequest = op.Channel.ReadFromRequest<CheckAuthenticationRequest>();
-						var checkauthResponse = new CheckAuthenticationResponse(checkauthRequest);
+						var checkauthResponse = new CheckAuthenticationResponse(checkauthRequest.Version, checkauthRequest);
 						checkauthResponse.IsValid = checkauthRequest.IsValid;
 						op.Channel.Send(checkauthResponse);
 
 						if (!tamper) {
 							// Respond to the replay attack.
 							checkauthRequest = op.Channel.ReadFromRequest<CheckAuthenticationRequest>();
-							checkauthResponse = new CheckAuthenticationResponse(checkauthRequest);
+							checkauthResponse = new CheckAuthenticationResponse(checkauthRequest.Version, checkauthRequest);
 							checkauthResponse.IsValid = checkauthRequest.IsValid;
 							op.Channel.Send(checkauthResponse);
 						}
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnencryptedResponseTests.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnencryptedResponseTests.cs
index 16f76cf..89609f6 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnencryptedResponseTests.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnencryptedResponseTests.cs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.OpenId.Messages {
 		[TestInitialize]
 		public void Setup() {
 			var request = new AssociateUnencryptedRequest(Protocol.V20.Version, new Uri("http://host"));
-			this.response = new AssociateUnencryptedResponse(request);
+			this.response = new AssociateUnencryptedResponse(request.Version, request);
 		}
 
 		[TestMethod]
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnsuccessfulResponseTests.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnsuccessfulResponseTests.cs
index b6f6914..e803400 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnsuccessfulResponseTests.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnsuccessfulResponseTests.cs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.OpenId.Messages {
 		[TestInitialize]
 		public void Setup() {
 			var request = new AssociateUnencryptedRequest(Protocol.V20.Version, new Uri("http://host"));
-			this.response = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(request);
+			this.response = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(request.Version, request);
 		}
 
 		[TestMethod]
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Messages/DirectErrorResponseTests.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Messages/DirectErrorResponseTests.cs
index afd3e0f..3a5e824 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Messages/DirectErrorResponseTests.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Messages/DirectErrorResponseTests.cs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.OpenId.Messages {
 			base.SetUp();
 
 			var request = new AssociateUnencryptedRequest(Protocol.V20.Version, new Uri("http://host"));
-			this.response = new DirectErrorResponse(request);
+			this.response = new DirectErrorResponse(request.Version, request);
 		}
 
 		[TestMethod]
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/OpenIdTestBase.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/OpenIdTestBase.cs
index 6db5d1b..b45dc1b 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/OpenIdTestBase.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/OpenIdTestBase.cs
@@ -126,8 +126,12 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.OpenId {
 		/// This is a very useful method to pass to the OpenIdCoordinator constructor for the Provider argument.
 		/// </remarks>
 		internal void AutoProvider(OpenIdProvider provider) {
-			IRequest request;
-			while ((request = provider.GetRequest()) != null) {
+			while (!((CoordinatingChannel)provider.Channel).RemoteChannel.IsDisposed) {
+				IRequest request = provider.GetRequest();
+				if (request == null) {
+					continue;
+				}
+
 				if (!request.IsResponseReady) {
 					var authRequest = (DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Provider.IAuthenticationRequest)request;
 					switch (this.AutoProviderScenario) {
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Provider/OpenIdProviderTests.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Provider/OpenIdProviderTests.cs
index bb035c3..114a135 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Provider/OpenIdProviderTests.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.Test/OpenId/Provider/OpenIdProviderTests.cs
@@ -101,21 +101,22 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Test.OpenId.Provider {
 			coordinator.Run();
 		}
 
-		////[TestMethod]
-		////public void BadRequestsGenerateValidErrorResponses() {
-		////    var coordinator = new OpenIdCoordinator(
-		////        rp => {
-		////            var nonOpenIdMessage = new Mocks.TestDirectedMessage();
-		////            nonOpenIdMessage.Recipient = OPUri;
-		////            nonOpenIdMessage.HttpMethods = HttpDeliveryMethods.PostRequest;
-		////            MessagingTestBase.GetStandardTestMessage(MessagingTestBase.FieldFill.AllRequired, nonOpenIdMessage);
-		////            var response = rp.Channel.Request<DirectErrorResponse>(nonOpenIdMessage);
-		////            Assert.IsNotNull(response.ErrorMessage);
-		////        },
-		////        AutoProvider);
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BadRequestsGenerateValidErrorResponses() {
+			var coordinator = new OpenIdCoordinator(
+				rp => {
+					var nonOpenIdMessage = new Mocks.TestDirectedMessage();
+					nonOpenIdMessage.Recipient = OPUri;
+					nonOpenIdMessage.HttpMethods = HttpDeliveryMethods.PostRequest;
+					MessagingTestBase.GetStandardTestMessage(MessagingTestBase.FieldFill.AllRequired, nonOpenIdMessage);
+					var response = rp.Channel.Request<DirectErrorResponse>(nonOpenIdMessage);
+					Assert.IsNotNull(response.ErrorMessage);
+					Assert.AreEqual(Protocol.Default.Version, response.Version);
+				},
+				AutoProvider);
 
-		////    coordinator.Run();
-		////}
+			coordinator.Run();
+		}
 
 		[TestMethod]
 		public void BadRequestsGenerateValidErrorResponsesHosted() {
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.sln b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.sln
index 84359a2..80a53aa 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.sln
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.sln
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Project("{E24C65DC-7377-472B-9ABA-BC803B73C61A}") = "Consumer", "..\samples\Cons
 		Release.AspNetCompiler.ForceOverwrite = "true"
 		Release.AspNetCompiler.FixedNames = "false"
 		Release.AspNetCompiler.Debug = "False"
-		VWDPort = "6319"
+		VWDPort = "5248"
 		DefaultWebSiteLanguage = "Visual C#"
 	EndProjectSection
 	ProjectSection(ProjectDependencies) = postProject
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ Project("{E24C65DC-7377-472B-9ABA-BC803B73C61A}") = "RelyingPartyClassicAsp", ".
 		Release.AspNetCompiler.ForceOverwrite = "true"
 		Release.AspNetCompiler.FixedNames = "false"
 		Release.AspNetCompiler.Debug = "False"
-		VWDPort = "49675"
+		VWDPort = "5364"
 		DefaultWebSiteLanguage = "Visual C#"
 	EndProjectSection
 EndProject
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.vsmdi b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.vsmdi
index e5362c2..43284d8 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth.vsmdi
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth.vsmdi
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
       <TestLink id="a6e464af-42df-1ba4-17e5-b955352664b5" name="RPOnlyRenegotiatesOnce" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="04be6602-31a2-f4ae-8fdb-b9ad2ac370be" name="PrepareMessageForReceiving" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="90557d85-db17-e9ab-e17b-32d6cc9fd437" name="TrimFragment" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="9684f7bf-cdda-a2c5-0822-29cb0add3835" name="ResponseNonceGetter" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="e1958fc5-a979-88b2-b593-3bc89ad6ad4e" name="GetEnumeratorUntyped" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="248f0afc-979f-a86f-e7de-fdeb4f9dd3ea" name="CtorBadUri" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="a94ee2ec-02df-b535-1d2e-0c5db9c76b49" name="ReceiveUnrecognizedMessage" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -46,6 +45,7 @@
       <TestLink id="779b1f99-fe67-185c-f165-66787bf6e39a" name="BasicEncodingTest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="1f46ce86-bc66-3f5c-4061-3f851cf6dd7f" name="HtmlDiscover_20" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="bb68f1dc-3854-fc11-2ea6-d45f892d76fa" name="NistAssuranceLevelSetVarious" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="b2b54c72-1d26-8c28-ebf5-7a5a4beeec43" name="VerifyNonZeroLengthOnNull" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="30f3c12b-e510-de63-5acd-ae8e32866592" name="CreateQueryString" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="afafb5ef-662e-2da3-35b8-1d67bb0d79ce" name="AddPolicies" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="704a32d0-3f50-d462-f767-fd9cf1981b7f" name="ProviderVersion" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@
       <TestLink id="643d722c-2c2b-fbd8-a499-5a852ef14dc7" name="PrepareMessageForSending" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="5a0d31d9-9c70-2a28-3e8c-46e8e047ac2d" name="ReceiveNull" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="8bbc6a02-b5a4-ea8e-2a77-8d1b6671ceb5" name="ImplicitConverstionFromUriTests" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="77e5af06-b02d-692e-b32f-40ea39e77fbd" name="FriendlyIdentifierForDisplay" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="d6951a97-9d0b-31c1-7a29-01fbb986c5a9" name="SpoofedClaimedIdDetectionSolicited" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="c057a3e5-b527-62a9-c19b-abb82e6be621" name="SendIndirectMessage301GetEmptyRecipient" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="decb3fef-ef61-6794-5bc6-f7ff722a146e" name="EqualsTest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -77,8 +76,10 @@
       <TestLink id="34357633-4745-6fba-9316-493d3c6c5b90" name="ParseEmpty" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="5f6e9836-2630-b53c-4121-64900bde5628" name="IsExtensionSupportedNullExtension" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="7f9c4a9e-de7a-555c-543d-db89b757588e" name="AppendQueryArgs" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="c23e762d-4162-cb9e-47b3-455a568b5072" name="SendIndirectMessageFormPostEmptyRecipient" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="e9cceef5-383d-92f0-a8bb-f3e207582836" name="RealmReturnToMismatchV2" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="2f6a81c5-cd04-0ca0-22ee-d4213f9cf147" name="EqualityTests" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="59295023-d248-e9c4-68b9-65f6ea38490c" name="VerifyArgumentNotNullDoesNotThrow" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="0f80456a-5465-dd68-bfb0-ba27b676187c" name="EqualsTests" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="53cbbf4a-89d3-122b-0d88-662f3022ce26" name="OpenIdMaxAuthenticationTime" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="03e293d0-dbe8-ad09-1ddd-de7be2cf9276" name="CopyTo" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@
       <TestLink id="72f0a17b-c508-ce02-a5ed-361d78348054" name="AddAttribute" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="b4b00582-dcc9-7672-0c02-52432b074a92" name="GetNullType" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="5803e93d-e256-86ba-e10e-499d2f813c6d" name="Trivial" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="11108b79-f360-9f7c-aebc-2d11bebff96a" name="ReadFromRequestForm" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="da8fcfa9-bd2c-eca0-ecbf-90364f84e8e5" name="AddExtraFieldThatAlreadyExists" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="4a009f39-66b1-9cc5-ea8b-13b75ab22a5b" name="ContainsKey" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="1f3ea08b-9880-635f-368f-9fcd3e25f3cd" name="ReadFromRequestNull" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="f1e1aa37-c712-6096-22fa-394008f0820a" name="CtorNull" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -99,7 +100,6 @@
       <TestLink id="49a266cf-4ab6-3fdc-f4fd-21533f42c7cb" name="CtorWithProtocolMessage" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="ab653060-5bec-3dc6-78ee-a5ef7d393b1d" name="AddPolicyMultipleTimes" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="7ca16e07-126d-58ac-2ac5-a09a8bf77592" name="InvalidRealmBadWildcard1" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="f967c0af-c04c-d156-4faf-8978bfcab5d7" name="RequiredNullableStruct" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="7debb527-142a-6ca6-3b9b-1e131c18e801" name="AccessTokenUriTest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="88ae5661-da27-91c5-4d78-1f43cd716127" name="EqualsTest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="1c531011-403a-0821-d630-d5433d968f31" name="CtorFromRequest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
       <TestLink id="f4b313bb-cebc-a854-ffbd-6c955d850a05" name="VerifyGoodTimestampIsAccepted" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="6badbaa8-33d1-13c4-c1f9-aef73a9ac5bf" name="InvalidRawBirthdate" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="7dff83bd-f6e7-3dbe-930e-aa6089f4447a" name="AddAttributeTwice" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="b2b54c72-1d26-8c28-ebf5-7a5a4beeec43" name="VerifyNonZeroLengthOnNull" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="77e5af06-b02d-692e-b32f-40ea39e77fbd" name="FriendlyIdentifierForDisplay" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="782d64c8-46af-a624-b3f6-a65aeaa57bfe" name="LastLineNotTerminatedLoose" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="6c95f443-463e-2856-f500-b9029645e44c" name="RequestNullRecipient" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="af7cb01c-950e-23d7-0f32-082b7af8b382" name="CtorNullToObject" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@
       <TestLink id="c2c78c43-7f50-ffc3-affb-e60de2b76c94" name="CreateQueryStringNullDictionary" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="77934ac4-bd65-7ad8-9c53-9c9447f9e175" name="GetReturnToArgumentAndNames" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="fba4d9a6-d8c7-a063-7c07-4a27c38c94a9" name="InvalidRealmBadWildcard3" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="06b350b0-79d1-9393-7620-cd919061898c" name="ParseEndUserSuppliedUriIdentifier" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="f41ce7ab-5500-7eea-ab4d-8c646bffff23" name="HttpSchemePrepended" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="17267cde-a296-8293-5bd1-9ca629817e4b" name="OpenIdRelyingParty" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="a260d196-066f-b0ae-a40e-fb9d962b28a4" name="XrdsDirectDiscovery_20" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@
       <TestLink id="fb91e9dd-fc3b-d8a7-a5d7-d215d5ba880f" name="CtorStringHttpSchemeSecure" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="4fd5baa2-8f39-8bf6-db8f-aa92592bfc06" name="CtorRequest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="300ae1f7-fc61-1d41-b262-f8c830b6e115" name="RemoveTest1" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="59295023-d248-e9c4-68b9-65f6ea38490c" name="VerifyArgumentNotNullDoesNotThrow" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="beb086e9-5eb7-fb8f-480a-70ede9efd70d" name="CreateRequests" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="6daa360b-71e4-a972-143f-01b801fada84" name="DeserializeWithExtraFields" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="457d6b32-d224-8a06-5e34-dbef3e935655" name="HttpSignatureVerification" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="ef6cebca-f8da-edf6-0217-8bb854710090" name="DiscoveryCommunityInameDelegateWithoutCanonicalID" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -158,6 +159,7 @@
       <TestLink id="a1ff4ada-fe5d-d2f3-b7fb-8e72db02b3c3" name="Full" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="5218fba2-d1af-e1f4-7641-9ae1d4975430" name="DirectResponsesSentUsingKeyValueForm" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="643c9887-3f12-300e-fdac-17ae59652712" name="Mode" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="0435e38a-71f2-d58d-9c07-d97d830a1578" name="ExtensionResponsesAreSigned" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="df159af7-abf5-089c-b592-e6f535dab1c1" name="Ctor" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="65752c29-fa1f-7b88-bbec-5329af8db4d8" name="IsValid" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="7c048c58-c456-3406-995f-adb742cc2501" name="DeserializeInvalidMessage" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -177,6 +179,7 @@
       <TestLink id="7b89844d-f60a-fb66-c48d-e483864c66b5" name="RespondTooManyValues" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="48a1db17-5066-74e9-b6b2-d64166b349b1" name="AddAttributeNull" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="3b535521-90c8-7f49-545f-bcfc4ad16d40" name="UnresponsiveProvidersComeLast" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="b09311d4-4dea-6786-3e59-9c62fe16e301" name="ParameterNames" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="0f56721c-ef8f-84be-28b7-d909614c2f85" name="EqualsTest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="b71e8878-b20e-5d96-bce4-7f10831ceaf8" name="AddPolicies" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="2f2ea001-a4f8-ff0d-5d12-74180e0bf610" name="HttpsSignatureVerificationNotApplicable" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -191,13 +194,15 @@
       <TestLink id="f49bcd49-76fb-bfea-b119-4e0f70159f80" name="OpenIdProvider" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="5aa4dfa9-9691-bfe0-7d81-587cfa519a55" name="DirectResponsesReceivedAsKeyValueForm" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="8346368c-9c8a-de76-18dd-5faeeac3917d" name="OPRejectsMismatchingAssociationAndSessionTypes" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="5c66a1b8-5b20-2e3b-8427-d6ff4640ac53" name="BadRequestsGenerateValidErrorResponses" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="f6979feb-7016-4e2b-14e2-e6c2c392419f" name="RemoveByKeyValuePair" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="454165a2-c26e-5740-09a9-d234db052ba3" name="InvalidRealmNullUri" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="03b47440-3d09-ab28-97f1-39809f5703b6" name="NormalizeCase" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="f4537b23-bb5e-5c6f-da53-64b34472f0dc" name="ChannelGetter" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="77047207-0571-72d5-71bd-586b878bcc0c" name="Base64Member" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="1e2ae78c-d2f3-a808-2b82-eca9f9f2e458" name="Keys" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="1d5fb5a9-e15c-d99c-7a7e-95a4c4d123c2" name="DirectRequestsUsePost" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="599add9e-e9eb-5e8a-ce6b-6dc73c2bb408" name="DataContractNamespace" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="0215f125-3936-484e-a8d0-d940d85bbc27" name="AppendQueryArgsNullDictionary" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="73c6c979-205d-2216-d98d-2dd136b352c6" name="UtcCreationDateConvertsToUniversal" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="4bd86299-18d7-abbe-e5d2-1afad17279e9" name="Parse" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="fa2e5bbd-4c41-f2b1-e875-38c6ef011fa1" name="RandomCharactersTest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -212,7 +217,7 @@
       <TestLink id="d5f4e610-eabe-1dc0-ab3f-7c9dcb17fcc3" name="CtorImpliedLocalIdentifier" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="ad56539c-6156-5f62-a98a-b24ae0159cc6" name="XmlSerialization" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" enabled="false" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="f2dc59e6-c428-20f3-87ff-8b44f01c4ab1" name="GetNonMessageType" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="0215f125-3936-484e-a8d0-d940d85bbc27" name="AppendQueryArgsNullDictionary" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="46877579-ba4c-c30c-38c4-9c6ad3922390" name="InsufficientlyProtectedMessageReceived" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="cbfeb75b-d031-7df3-c281-3c9e1c450042" name="CtorFromRequest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="182203f3-5a16-b736-ea8c-b59f6bf7df66" name="InvalidRealmTwoWildcards2" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="3536ba12-fdb0-2ac9-3fef-00a2dd8e9a65" name="SharedAssociationTampered" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -223,7 +228,7 @@
       <TestLink id="c63c9935-54a0-398a-f44b-214e17faf1f1" name="SendDirectMessageResponseHonorsHttpStatusCodes" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="cd219db4-4f6e-8ff4-f957-c8428d38c118" name="HttpSignatureGeneration" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="88aaa032-b18a-b334-937b-66837c5f987c" name="AssociateRenegotiateBitLength" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="0435e38a-71f2-d58d-9c07-d97d830a1578" name="ExtensionResponsesAreSigned" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="9684f7bf-cdda-a2c5-0822-29cb0add3835" name="ResponseNonceGetter" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="b63c4b89-3889-6dcf-8890-c92fc44c0b10" name="VerifyBadTimestampIsRejected" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="4c399759-263f-5eba-8855-de14f197e647" name="QueryStringContainPrefixedParametersNull" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="5271f941-565f-5977-6884-82cef09161db" name="ParseEndUserSuppliedXriIdentifer" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -254,13 +259,10 @@
       <TestLink id="538a7a31-b908-a435-4861-2bff584f6340" name="ApplyHeadersToResponseNullResponse" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="93c157e8-1293-3aff-f616-66502872b37d" name="DiscoveryRequiresSslIgnoresInsecureEndpointsInXrds" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="64142858-d52e-be06-d11f-6be326c6176b" name="RespondTwoValues" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="f533bf9e-daa1-b26a-4789-372f3a9291d6" name="TryRequireSslAdjustsIdentifier" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="4735a071-3c06-509b-05f5-912ab0e39f13" name="InvalidRealmBadProtocol" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="910f8448-5454-8ae5-cba3-690c7f375576" name="ParameterNames" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="507cd1b6-1010-0bca-cf7f-f96e3f4f6c6c" name="QueryBeforeSettingUrl" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="734dd45c-6320-26a9-e412-62ecacfd285a" name="CtorNullAttribute" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="439c8c16-2ba5-eb3b-b631-ce50ec48eba0" name="CtorNullMember" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="fdf5b3df-239b-26fd-c1a2-152057195b7e" name="ReadFromRequestForm" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="58f848e5-42d7-1508-f9b5-7691337e6da9" name="IsExtensionSupportedEmptyString" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="21fa5a5c-c04b-831f-c537-fc8be1bf65b2" name="IsExtensionSupported" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="55b078e4-3933-d4e0-1151-a0a61321638e" name="ReadFromRequestAuthorization" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -284,7 +286,7 @@
       <TestLink id="14acb719-f090-018f-b870-9a5acb1d7179" name="AddAuthLevelTypes" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="90d3c411-8895-a07f-7a21-258b9d43c5b2" name="InvalidMessageNoNonceReceivedTest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="44091d36-98db-2115-8647-7bd7cd308796" name="ToStringTest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="3df1f62b-4fb4-d399-cf7f-40b72001d9d6" name="CtorUnsolicited" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="fdf5b3df-239b-26fd-c1a2-152057195b7e" name="ReadFromRequestForm" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="534bee09-36e1-c3e0-f6af-bc191b10aa48" name="CtorNullSigner" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="ae384709-e9a4-0142-20ba-6adb6b40b3e2" name="CtorStringHttpsSchemeSecure" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="3b70dd09-384d-5b99-222b-dc8ce8e791f2" name="SecuritySettingsSetNull" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -296,7 +298,7 @@
       <TestLink id="20646985-c84a-db8e-f982-ec55d61eaacd" name="ResponseNonceSetter" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="b32b6295-d4a9-3369-f072-28a71e84d4e8" name="SerializationWithUri" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="115283b9-d95c-9a92-2197-96685ee8e96a" name="TwoExtensionsSameTypeUri" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="da8fcfa9-bd2c-eca0-ecbf-90364f84e8e5" name="AddExtraFieldThatAlreadyExists" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="7fb8d29c-c8ea-7f88-ed42-ae7368d6a429" name="CtorNullStore" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="be00d3ef-f24d-eb8a-d251-4d691736ee6f" name="AddAttributeRequestNull" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="6c20a52a-bab7-e84e-faca-fd79ec5303d9" name="CtorCountZero" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="c6b3ebb0-58f7-249a-5944-0d31a600f679" name="IsExtensionSupportedNullString" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -316,15 +318,14 @@
       <TestLink id="d12e8df0-1195-ab75-2275-7c8f854ddf98" name="UserSetupUrl" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="c7f6459d-9e6e-b4bc-cae8-65f5a3785403" name="SendIndirectMessageNull" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="3aa4e498-fd14-8274-22da-895436c1659e" name="AssociateUnencrypted" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="efd570c9-5e74-17e4-f332-ac257c8e8aff" name="RealmReturnToMismatchV1" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="70773edf-2d4a-3c4e-05ac-905fb0fb0fb9" name="AddTwoAttributes" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="3e676e31-3b6d-9d12-febd-d632ece804ec" name="RPRejectsMismatchingAssociationAndSessionBitLengths" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="5460f9c6-ec9d-969d-5aff-b946d6776e25" name="CtorWithNullProtocolMessage" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="c15c3ab5-e969-efc9-366d-78ebc43ce08f" name="Fetch" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="1b66e135-bdab-c2ed-18d8-aa89b46a57fc" name="RPRejectsUnrecognizedAssociationType" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="0f211309-a85e-5983-dc7b-434a63f9ffd9" name="GetNullVersion" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="924b5295-0d39-5c89-8794-22518091e05a" name="CtorNullToString" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="46877579-ba4c-c30c-38c4-9c6ad3922390" name="InsufficientlyProtectedMessageReceived" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="a18ae750-318b-bb1f-c2b3-c31da845c085" name="Count" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="4735a071-3c06-509b-05f5-912ab0e39f13" name="InvalidRealmBadProtocol" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="066ce22f-103c-56ee-0250-d9e28d43ffcd" name="Values" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="64b41c6c-2b67-af35-0c93-df41bd6f2dbb" name="Store" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="d5912d3e-441c-a20e-20a2-0b9f0220a762" name="ParameterNames" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -339,6 +340,7 @@
       <TestLink id="809afd59-8f10-ce37-6630-06b59351a05a" name="CommonProperties" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="ca9f3da7-e19f-b58b-54fe-54fa56ab9556" name="AddByKeyAndValue" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="95e1fc36-2500-2721-1919-35e9e8349a1c" name="AddPolicyMultipleTimes" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="3df1f62b-4fb4-d399-cf7f-40b72001d9d6" name="CtorUnsolicited" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="a59c5dc0-de4d-8136-8545-2e2e9616de46" name="SerializationWithXri" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="aedfde98-4357-5b63-7dca-cced838ee416" name="Provider" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="ae8b7cba-696e-2362-d5e1-79a9c202a994" name="EmptyLineLoose" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -365,7 +367,7 @@
       <TestLink id="a6ea74e5-8681-4eb4-a51b-5051e5f7603c" name="NonFieldOrPropertyMember" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="b384002f-26a9-7dde-c3f6-9ceff34dd8e2" name="GetRequest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="5dcd69c3-e979-7316-4551-a73fe4645dcd" name="SecuritySettings" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="7fb8d29c-c8ea-7f88-ed42-ae7368d6a429" name="CtorNullStore" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="599add9e-e9eb-5e8a-ce6b-6dc73c2bb408" name="DataContractNamespace" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="264cd371-e830-c09b-5511-18f54d4c69d5" name="RespondSimpleValue" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="035cd43a-23d5-af91-12ee-0a0ce78b3548" name="XrdsDiscoveryFromHttpHeader" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="f69f1c0c-e258-95fb-4fcb-ad14bfc40e3c" name="Discover" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -375,7 +377,7 @@
       <TestLink id="309fdc0f-150c-5992-9a79-63be5f479d89" name="RequiredProtection" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="01e33554-07cc-ff90-46f8-7d0ca036c9f6" name="ToDictionaryNull" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="e9a5efc6-fde8-8fa4-0bda-2675a4a7e06b" name="DefaultReferenceTypeDeclaredPropertyHasNoKey" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="a18ae750-318b-bb1f-c2b3-c31da845c085" name="Count" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="84e718d7-bb82-e7d1-31be-471e2c154053" name="Item" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="5ab06bb5-d047-8c3a-6b91-5951e0a55cc5" name="ToStringTest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="a6295302-c78f-4122-ce88-94fc30980262" name="CtorStringNoSchemeSecure" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="a63c169c-4e9a-bcba-b7cd-c4c5280cd652" name="PrepareMessageForSendingNonExtendableMessage" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -393,13 +395,13 @@
       <TestLink id="d6b120b7-fc16-6815-927e-af382cd44bbd" name="ReceivedInvalidSignature" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="29e45877-ca7a-85de-5c39-6d43befe1a1e" name="DiscoveryRequireSslWithInsecureXrdsButSecureLinkTags" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="ae1ef27c-fbfe-c57e-a1e0-c1ef9de4ea23" name="CommonProperties" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="188ce83b-3117-adb5-4b89-12f2b09be1de" name="CtorSimpleConsumer" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="f533bf9e-daa1-b26a-4789-372f3a9291d6" name="TryRequireSslAdjustsIdentifier" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="c4001e1c-75ad-236b-284f-318905d2bc3a" name="CreateRequestOnNonOpenID" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="beb086e9-5eb7-fb8f-480a-70ede9efd70d" name="CreateRequests" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="efd570c9-5e74-17e4-f332-ac257c8e8aff" name="RealmReturnToMismatchV1" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="50594141-1a00-b4ab-d794-5b06e67327e5" name="IsTypeUriPresentNull" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="f17424d2-ed4b-1ea0-a339-733f5092d9d0" name="MaximumAuthenticationAgeTest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="e9c2087b-1c52-5bb9-bf4e-9046cf281e36" name="DiscoverRequireSslWithInsecureRedirect" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="06b350b0-79d1-9393-7620-cd919061898c" name="ParseEndUserSuppliedUriIdentifier" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="924b5295-0d39-5c89-8794-22518091e05a" name="CtorNullToString" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="a9f7897c-b299-807b-0612-384732cd10c9" name="Ctor" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="456c3468-9081-4879-7e7e-8299bd8c7f68" name="IsReadOnly" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="0f36556d-ece7-eb70-8597-a9d085165c2c" name="Sign" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -409,7 +411,7 @@
       <TestLink id="93041654-1050-3878-6b90-656a7e2e3cfd" name="CtorDefault" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="10a8b8e5-e147-838c-0708-be98d5e4490e" name="CtorFull" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="d6088ffe-ccf5-9738-131b-0fc1bc7e3707" name="TrimFragment" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="f4537b23-bb5e-5c6f-da53-64b34472f0dc" name="ChannelGetter" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="188ce83b-3117-adb5-4b89-12f2b09be1de" name="CtorSimpleConsumer" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="85a71d28-5f2f-75ce-9008-94982438bb5f" name="EqualityTests" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="dd9e3279-2d7e-e88e-ccfa-ef213055fc3d" name="SendDirectedNoRecipientMessage" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="c351c660-d583-d869-0129-2e312665d815" name="CtorBlank" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -418,8 +420,7 @@
       <TestLink id="3fe0b432-dbb4-b334-e504-a83fe5ffdbaf" name="EqualityTests" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="a14ddf08-796b-6cf1-a9bf-856dd50520fa" name="RequiredProtection" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="bf73c7f2-33b1-8e18-c4f6-cb8609388754" name="DiscoveryRequireSslWithInsecureXrdsInSecureHttpHeader" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="b09311d4-4dea-6786-3e59-9c62fe16e301" name="ParameterNames" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="84e718d7-bb82-e7d1-31be-471e2c154053" name="Item" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="f967c0af-c04c-d156-4faf-8978bfcab5d7" name="RequiredNullableStruct" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="501fa941-c1ac-d4ef-56e7-46827788b571" name="GetRequestNoContext" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="d474830d-3636-522c-1564-1b83e7a844d3" name="EmptyLine" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="e03f0038-5bb7-92f2-87a7-00a7d2c31a77" name="MessageExpirationWithoutTamperResistance" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
@@ -427,7 +428,7 @@
       <TestLink id="ef8a2274-4e58-0dde-4c5c-7f286865fc3a" name="SendReplayProtectedMessageSetsNonce" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="3c438474-63f3-b56c-dcba-1ed923fcdbdd" name="CreateResponse" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="e8337858-a320-8aad-51aa-402e65a90b75" name="ReplayDetectionTest" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
-      <TestLink id="c23e762d-4162-cb9e-47b3-455a568b5072" name="SendIndirectMessageFormPostEmptyRecipient" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
+      <TestLink id="11108b79-f360-9f7c-aebc-2d11bebff96a" name="ReadFromRequestForm" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="a1a0178c-cd4a-1651-8535-3c9ee3d40821" name="ToDictionaryWithNullKey" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="2f5cfa57-bcb4-39af-e769-2d7c34e2598e" name="Ctor" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
       <TestLink id="83aba528-c8ea-f464-177e-2ea8ae2cfd0b" name="Birthdates" storage="..\bin\debug\dotnetopenauth.test.dll" type="Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.TestTypes.Unit.UnitTestElement, Microsoft.VisualStudio.QualityTools.Tips.UnitTest.ObjectModel,   PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/Messaging/Channel.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/Messaging/Channel.cs
index ead3541..eec0521 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/Messaging/Channel.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/Messaging/Channel.cs
@@ -137,6 +137,14 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Messaging {
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets or sets a value indicating whether this instance is disposed.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <value>
+		/// 	<c>true</c> if this instance is disposed; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
+		/// </value>
+		protected internal bool IsDisposed { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
 		/// Gets a tool that can figure out what kind of message is being received
 		/// so it can be deserialized.
 		/// </summary>
@@ -393,6 +401,8 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Messaging {
 				foreach (IDisposable bindingElement in this.BindingElements.OfType<IDisposable>()) {
 					bindingElement.Dispose();
 				}
+
+				this.IsDisposed = true;
 			}
 		}
 
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/Messaging/HttpRequestInfo.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/Messaging/HttpRequestInfo.cs
index 0214a30..176b1fc 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/Messaging/HttpRequestInfo.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/Messaging/HttpRequestInfo.cs
@@ -90,12 +90,13 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.Messaging {
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="HttpRequestInfo"/> class.
 		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="message">The message being passed in through a mock transport.</param>
-		internal HttpRequestInfo(IDirectedProtocolMessage message) {
+		/// <param name="message">The message being passed in through a mock transport.  May be null.</param>
+		/// <param name="httpMethod">The HTTP method that the incoming request came in on, whether or not <paramref name="message"/> is null.</param>
+		internal HttpRequestInfo(IDirectedProtocolMessage message, HttpDeliveryMethods httpMethod) {
 			this.Message = message;
-			if (message == null || (message.HttpMethods & HttpDeliveryMethods.GetRequest) != 0) {
+			if ((httpMethod & HttpDeliveryMethods.GetRequest) != 0) {
 				this.HttpMethod = "GET";
-			} else if ((message.HttpMethods & HttpDeliveryMethods.PostRequest) != 0) {
+			} else if ((httpMethod & HttpDeliveryMethods.PostRequest) != 0) {
 				this.HttpMethod = "POST";
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/ChannelElements/OpenIdMessageFactory.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/ChannelElements/OpenIdMessageFactory.cs
index e0c3a1b..c8ffae8 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/ChannelElements/OpenIdMessageFactory.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/ChannelElements/OpenIdMessageFactory.cs
@@ -110,31 +110,31 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.ChannelElements {
 
 			// Handle error messages generally.
 			if (fields.ContainsKey(protocol.openidnp.error)) {
-				message = new DirectErrorResponse(request);
+				message = new DirectErrorResponse(protocol.Version, request);
 			}
 
 			var associateRequest = request as AssociateRequest;
 			if (associateRequest != null) {
 				if (protocol.Version.Major >= 2 && fields.ContainsKey(protocol.openidnp.error_code)) {
 					// This is a special recognized error case that we create a special message for.
-					message = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(associateRequest);
+					message = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(protocol.Version, associateRequest);
 				} else if (message == null) {
 					var associateDiffieHellmanRequest = request as AssociateDiffieHellmanRequest;
 					var associateUnencryptedRequest = request as AssociateUnencryptedRequest;
 
 					if (associateDiffieHellmanRequest != null) {
-						message = new AssociateDiffieHellmanResponse(associateDiffieHellmanRequest);
+						message = new AssociateDiffieHellmanResponse(protocol.Version, associateDiffieHellmanRequest);
 					}
 
 					if (associateUnencryptedRequest != null) {
-						message = new AssociateUnencryptedResponse(associateUnencryptedRequest);
+						message = new AssociateUnencryptedResponse(protocol.Version, associateUnencryptedRequest);
 					}
 				}
 			}
 
 			var checkAuthenticationRequest = request as CheckAuthenticationRequest;
 			if (checkAuthenticationRequest != null && message == null) {
-				message = new CheckAuthenticationResponse(checkAuthenticationRequest);
+				message = new CheckAuthenticationResponse(protocol.Version, checkAuthenticationRequest);
 			}
 
 			if (message != null) {
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateDiffieHellmanRequest.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateDiffieHellmanRequest.cs
index b984b30..01e23e4 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateDiffieHellmanRequest.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateDiffieHellmanRequest.cs
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Messages {
 		/// Failed association response messages will derive from <see cref="AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse"/>.</para>
 		/// </remarks>
 		protected override IProtocolMessage CreateResponseCore() {
-			var response = new AssociateDiffieHellmanResponse(this);
+			var response = new AssociateDiffieHellmanResponse(this.Version, this);
 			response.AssociationType = this.AssociationType;
 			return response;
 		}
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateDiffieHellmanResponse.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateDiffieHellmanResponse.cs
index b6b9671..9097219 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateDiffieHellmanResponse.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateDiffieHellmanResponse.cs
@@ -22,9 +22,10 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Messages {
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="AssociateDiffieHellmanResponse"/> class.
 		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="responseVersion">The OpenID version of the response message.</param>
 		/// <param name="originatingRequest">The originating request.</param>
-		internal AssociateDiffieHellmanResponse(AssociateDiffieHellmanRequest originatingRequest)
-			: base(originatingRequest) {
+		internal AssociateDiffieHellmanResponse(Version responseVersion, AssociateDiffieHellmanRequest originatingRequest)
+			: base(responseVersion, originatingRequest) {
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateRequest.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateRequest.cs
index 95e82f9..bd37096 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateRequest.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateRequest.cs
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Messages {
 		private AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse CreateUnsuccessfulResponse(ProviderSecuritySettings securitySettings) {
 			ErrorUtilities.VerifyArgumentNotNull(securitySettings, "securitySettings");
 
-			var unsuccessfulResponse = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(this);
+			var unsuccessfulResponse = new AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(this.Version, this);
 
 			// The strategy here is to suggest that the RP try again with the lowest
 			// permissible security settings, giving the RP the best chance of being
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateSuccessfulResponse.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateSuccessfulResponse.cs
index 45208d4..d2ca70a 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateSuccessfulResponse.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateSuccessfulResponse.cs
@@ -29,9 +29,10 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Messages {
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="AssociateSuccessfulResponse"/> class.
 		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="responseVersion">The OpenID version of the response message.</param>
 		/// <param name="originatingRequest">The originating request.</param>
-		internal AssociateSuccessfulResponse(AssociateRequest originatingRequest)
-			: base(originatingRequest) {
+		internal AssociateSuccessfulResponse(Version responseVersion, AssociateRequest originatingRequest)
+			: base(responseVersion, originatingRequest) {
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnencryptedRequest.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnencryptedRequest.cs
index 1c77bbe..66a792a 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnencryptedRequest.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnencryptedRequest.cs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Messages {
 		/// Failed association response messages will derive from <see cref="AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse"/>.</para>
 		/// </remarks>
 		protected override IProtocolMessage CreateResponseCore() {
-			var response = new AssociateUnencryptedResponse(this);
+			var response = new AssociateUnencryptedResponse(this.Version, this);
 			response.AssociationType = this.AssociationType;
 			return response;
 		}
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnencryptedResponse.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnencryptedResponse.cs
index ce14589..493fe6b 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnencryptedResponse.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnencryptedResponse.cs
@@ -20,9 +20,10 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Messages {
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="AssociateUnencryptedResponse"/> class.
 		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="responseVersion">The OpenID version of the response message.</param>
 		/// <param name="originatingRequest">The originating request.</param>
-		internal AssociateUnencryptedResponse(AssociateUnencryptedRequest originatingRequest)
-			: base(originatingRequest) {
+		internal AssociateUnencryptedResponse(Version responseVersion, AssociateUnencryptedRequest originatingRequest)
+			: base(responseVersion, originatingRequest) {
 			SessionType = Protocol.Args.SessionType.NoEncryption;
 		}
 
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse.cs
index c5e0fd4..71ecc05 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse.cs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Messages {
+	using System;
 	using System.Diagnostics;
 	using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
 	using System.Globalization;
@@ -31,9 +32,10 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Messages {
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse"/> class.
 		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="responseVersion">The OpenID version of the response message.</param>
 		/// <param name="originatingRequest">The originating request.</param>
-		internal AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(AssociateRequest originatingRequest)
-			: base(originatingRequest) {
+		internal AssociateUnsuccessfulResponse(Version responseVersion, AssociateRequest originatingRequest)
+			: base(responseVersion, originatingRequest) {
 			this.ErrorMessage = string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, OpenIdStrings.AssociationOrSessionTypeUnrecognizedOrNotSupported, originatingRequest.AssociationType, originatingRequest.SessionType);
 		}
 
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/CheckAuthenticationResponse.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/CheckAuthenticationResponse.cs
index 15910f8..7e72277 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/CheckAuthenticationResponse.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/CheckAuthenticationResponse.cs
@@ -22,9 +22,10 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Messages {
 		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="CheckAuthenticationResponse"/> class
 		/// for use by the Relying Party.
 		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="responseVersion">The OpenID version of the response message.</param>
 		/// <param name="request">The request that this message is responding to.</param>
-		internal CheckAuthenticationResponse(CheckAuthenticationRequest request)
-			: base(request) {
+		internal CheckAuthenticationResponse(Version responseVersion, CheckAuthenticationRequest request)
+			: base(responseVersion, request) {
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Messages {
 		/// <param name="request">The request that this message is responding to.</param>
 		/// <param name="provider">The OpenID Provider that is preparing to send this response.</param>
 		internal CheckAuthenticationResponse(CheckAuthenticationRequest request, OpenIdProvider provider)
-			: base(request) {
+			: base(request.Version, request) {
 			ErrorUtilities.VerifyArgumentNotNull(provider, "provider");
 
 			// The channel's binding elements have already set the request's IsValid property
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/DirectErrorResponse.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/DirectErrorResponse.cs
index 9731e43..29ee18d 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/DirectErrorResponse.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/DirectErrorResponse.cs
@@ -19,17 +19,10 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Messages {
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="DirectErrorResponse"/> class.
 		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="responseVersion">The OpenID version of the response message.</param>
 		/// <param name="originatingRequest">The originating request.</param>
-		internal DirectErrorResponse(IDirectedProtocolMessage originatingRequest)
-			: base(originatingRequest) {
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="DirectErrorResponse"/> class.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="version">The OpenID version this message should comply with.</param>
-		internal DirectErrorResponse(Version version)
-			: base(version) {
+		internal DirectErrorResponse(Version responseVersion, IDirectedProtocolMessage originatingRequest)
+			: base(responseVersion, originatingRequest) {
 		}
 
 		#region IHttpDirectResponse Members
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/DirectResponseBase.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/DirectResponseBase.cs
index bf357d3..dd9c927 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/DirectResponseBase.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Messages/DirectResponseBase.cs
@@ -50,21 +50,13 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Messages {
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="DirectResponseBase"/> class.
 		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="originatingRequest">The originating request.</param>
-		protected DirectResponseBase(IDirectedProtocolMessage originatingRequest) {
-			ErrorUtilities.VerifyArgumentNotNull(originatingRequest, "originatingRequest");
+		/// <param name="responseVersion">The OpenID version of the response message.</param>
+		/// <param name="originatingRequest">The originating request.  May be null in case the request is unrecognizable and this is an error response.</param>
+		protected DirectResponseBase(Version responseVersion, IDirectedProtocolMessage originatingRequest) {
+			ErrorUtilities.VerifyArgumentNotNull(responseVersion, "responseVersion");
 
+			this.Version = responseVersion;
 			this.originatingRequest = originatingRequest;
-			this.Version = originatingRequest.Version;
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="DirectResponseBase"/> class.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="version">The OpenID version to comply with.</param>
-		protected DirectResponseBase(Version version) {
-			ErrorUtilities.VerifyArgumentNotNull(version, "version");
-			this.Version = version;
 		}
 
 		#region IProtocolMessage Properties
diff --git a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Provider/OpenIdProvider.cs b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Provider/OpenIdProvider.cs
index 4ed0fb1..b31ecb6 100644
--- a/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Provider/OpenIdProvider.cs
+++ b/src/DotNetOpenAuth/OpenId/Provider/OpenIdProvider.cs
@@ -315,11 +315,7 @@ namespace DotNetOpenAuth.OpenId.Provider {
 				// A direct request message from the RP
 				// We need to return a direct response error message so the RP can consume it.
 				// Consistent with OpenID 2.0 section 5.1.2.2.
-				if (incomingMessage != null) {
-					errorMessage = new DirectErrorResponse(incomingMessage);
-				} else {
-					errorMessage = new DirectErrorResponse(Protocol.Default.Version);
-				}
+				errorMessage = new DirectErrorResponse(Protocol.Default.Version, incomingMessage);
 			} else {
 				// This may be an indirect request from an RP that was so badly
 				// formed that we cannot even return an error to the RP.